Amos Hochstein argues that quoted crude oil prices remain too low because Middle East supply disruptions, damaged bypass infrastructure, depleted reserve buffers, and a lack of policy support have removed safety nets. He notes that official flow reports look exaggerated and that physical barrels are trading well above paper futures. Hochstein also emphasizes extreme tightness in refined products, with diesel and gasoline pricing equivalent to much higher historical crude levels due to refining and export constraints. He doubts a U.S. request for Ukraine to stop attacking Russian refineries will fix the global refined-product situation.