The Biggest Bottlenecks For AI: Energy & Cooling

Watch on YouTube ↗  |  January 26, 2026 at 16:49  |  1:03:41  |  a16z
Speakers
David George — Senior Research Analyst, Baird
Jen Kha — Head of Investor Relations, a16z

Summary

In this a16z discussion, David George and Jen Kha analyze how AI is reshaping private markets, focusing on the massive AI infrastructure buildout, its capital intensity, and the shift of high-growth tech companies to private markets. They discuss energy and cooling as critical bottlenecks, with nuclear power favored for energy and cooling as the next innovation wave. They also cover AI monetization, model-layer competition, sticky versus non-sticky AI applications, and thematic investment areas including AI applications, American Dynamism, AI-enabled health, and stablecoins.

  • AI infrastructure buildout is massive, with big tech capex run-rate around $400B annually.
  • Energy is a near-term bottleneck; nuclear is favored and natural gas is a West Texas option.
  • Cooling is expected to become the next major AI data center bottleneck.
  • AI model input costs have fallen over 99% while capabilities improve rapidly, benefiting applications.
  • Consumer AI monetization has large upside due to price discrimination and low paying-user penetration.
  • High-growth tech companies are staying private longer, shifting public market growth dynamics.
  • The firm favors AI infra/apps, American Dynamism, AI-enabled health, and stablecoins.
  • Public software incumbents like Salesforce face eventual AI disruption if startups reimagine UI/UX, data, and pricing.
Ideas
David George Senior Research Analyst, Baird 1:37
Massive AI infra buildout benefits builders.
Big tech capex is running at roughly $400B annualized, mostly for AI infrastructure and data centers, and infrastructure is being built for future training and inference demand. The largest tech companies are bearing the buildout burden and can handle potential overbuild, which benefits companies building on top of this infrastructure.
David George Senior Research Analyst, Baird 2:41
Big Tech can fund AI capex.
Google, Facebook, Amazon, and Microsoft are arguably the best companies ever created, and their cash-generating ability lets them bear the massive AI capex and potential capacity overbuild, making them durable leaders in the AI buildout.
David George Senior Research Analyst, Baird 3:09
Cheaper better AI fuels app growth.
Input costs for AI models have declined over 99% in two years while frontier capabilities double roughly every seven months, and AI is built on internet/cloud infrastructure enabling immediate global distribution. This creates a massive market opportunity for AI applications, with AI becoming ubiquitous like electricity or Wi-Fi.
David George Senior Research Analyst, Baird 12:10
Consumer AI monetization has huge upside.
AI business models allow effective price discrimination, unlike prior internet platforms, and there is a huge monetization gap between roughly 2 billion AI users and only 30-40 million paying users. Upside should come from monetizing free users through subscriptions and advertising, with high consumer stickiness.
David George Senior Research Analyst, Baird 19:07
Nuclear is best AI power source.
Energy is a bottleneck for AI data centers, and nuclear power is the most promising solution. There is a renewed embrace of nuclear, existing plants like Three Mile Island may restart, big tech is siting data centers near nuclear plants, and the firm has invested in nuclear.
David George Senior Research Analyst, Baird 20:04
xAI executes AI data center buildout fast.
xAI is a large portfolio investment, and its ability to stand up the biggest data center at the time in a quarter of the normal time demonstrates exceptional execution and speed in AI infrastructure buildout.
Jen Kha Head of Investor Relations, a16z 21:08
Cooling is next AI bottleneck.
After energy, cooling is the next major bottleneck for AI data centers; most people have not yet focused on it, and a wave of innovation in cooling will be needed to prevent overheating chips and environmental impact.
David George Senior Research Analyst, Baird 31:47
OpenAI consumer stickiness funds research.
OpenAI has an advantaged position because its large consumer base is stickier than enterprise/developer API usage; consumers are unlikely to switch for a slightly better model, giving OpenAI a better position to fund continued research.
David George Senior Research Analyst, Baird 46:50
Back high-momentum AI app leaders.
The firm targets AI application companies with undeniable momentum that are 'flying off the page,' naming Cursor, Decagon, Abridge, and ElevenLabs as examples of this first bucket of AI strategy.
David George Senior Research Analyst, Baird 52:17
Databricks offers asymmetric attractive returns.
Databricks has an attractive return profile with downside protection and upside optionality: the firm is confident in 3-4x and sees 2x as safe, with potential for 5x over five years.
David George Senior Research Analyst, Baird 53:33
Salesforce faces eventual AI disruption threat.
Salesforce.com is a potentially vulnerable public software incumbent because it is mostly forms/checklists with a sticky backend database and seat-based pricing; AI startups could disrupt it if they reimagine UI/UX, access unstructured data, and innovate business models, but the firm has not yet found a killer entrant.
David George Senior Research Analyst, Baird 59:23
American Dynamism is next big theme.
After AI infra and apps, American Dynamism is the next largest opportunity, driven by pressing market/world need, talent from SpaceX and Palantir, and advances in autonomy and vision technologies.
David George Senior Research Analyst, Baird 60:08
AI healthcare is growing opportunity.
The firm is starting to see more interesting AI-enabled health companies and will continue to be active there, though it is likely a smaller area than AI infrastructure and applications.
David George Senior Research Analyst, Baird 60:47
Stablecoin enablement is exciting opportunity.
The firm is seeing exciting developments in the enablement of stablecoins, working with its crypto team, and would increase exposure if the market sees a massive takeoff.
Up Next

This a16z video, published January 26, 2026, features David George, Jen Kha discussing AIQ, DTCR, GOOG, MSFT, META, AMZN, AI applications, AI-SECTOR, URA, XAI, Data center cooling, OPENAI, CURSOR, Decagon, Abridge, ElevenLabs, DATABRICKS, CRM, American Dynamism, AI-enabled health, STABLECOINS. 14 trade ideas extracted by AI with direction and confidence scoring.

Speakers: David George, Jen Kha  · Tickers: AIQ, DTCR, GOOG, MSFT, META, AMZN, AI applications, AI-SECTOR, URA, XAI, Data center cooling, OPENAI, CURSOR, Decagon, Abridge, ElevenLabs, DATABRICKS, CRM, American Dynamism, AI-enabled health, STABLECOINS