"These attacks, I think, as they destroy the instruments of Iranian state power, can be very effective. But it remains to be seen if Trump will carry through." The physical destruction of Iranian state infrastructure often overlaps with energy and export capabilities. Furthermore, Bolton's fear that the US will not "carry through" implies a prolonged period of instability and geopolitical friction rather than a clean resolution. Continued regional chaos without a decisive regime change keeps the geopolitical risk premium in oil markets high. Long energy exposure as a hedge against prolonged Middle East instability. A sudden, peaceful collapse of the regime or a definitive US withdrawal that lowers tensions could cause oil prices to drop.