"The OCC in the past had prevented banks from operating in permissionless networks. This is why some banks like JP Morgan have built their own like internal networks. My personal view is that open innovation happens in open ecosystems." JPMorgan invested heavily in proprietary, permissioned blockchain infrastructure (Onyx) due to previous regulatory constraints. With regulators now allowing open, permissionless networks, JPM's closed ecosystem will face stiff competition from public blockchains, potentially diluting their technological moat and forcing them to pivot their digital asset strategy. WATCH JPM to see how they adapt their digital asset business now that public blockchains have achieved regulatory parity with private banking chains. JPM successfully bridges its private network to public chains, maintaining its institutional dominance and rendering concerns about closed-ecosystem limitations moot.