The InP Substrate Bottleneck - Free Article

Gaetano · Gaetano · June 11, 2026 at 21:41 · ⏱ 21 min read  | Read on Substack ↗
Summary
The InP substrate bottleneck is the critical choke point in the optical supply chain for AI data centers, with downstream giants like Coherent, Lumentum, and AAOI relying on blank wafers from a concentrated supplier base, many in China. The author details how each company is navigating geopolitical export controls (especially Chinese permits), scaling capacity (Coherent's 6-inch platform, AAOI's inventory buffer), and using creative supply routes (Lumentum via UK), implying that substrate availability will separate winners from laggards in the AI optics buildout.
  • The InP supply chain runs: raw materials → crystal growth → blank substrate → epitaxy → device fab → optical component → module/system → AI data center.
  • AXT is doubling InP substrate capacity this year and next, but scaling is slow due to manufacturing skill, yield, and qualification requirements.
  • Chinese export permits are nuanced: AXT gets permits for U.S. customers outside the U.S. more easily; direct U.S. permits remain the harder category and timing is outside AXT's control.
  • IQE (epi house) reports surging demand for InP solutions and is dual-sourcing substrates to mitigate shortages; they say customers want supply 'in the here and now'.
  • Lumentum secured early LTAs with Japanese suppliers (JX, Sumitomo) but now says 'we're not well covered anymore' and uses a UK routing to access Chinese supply.
  • Coherent's 6-inch InP platform produces over 4x chips per wafer at less than half the cost, with yields above 3-inch, and they are doubling internal InP capacity one quarter ahead of schedule.
  • AAOI has 4-5 substrate suppliers (four outside China), built almost one year of inventory buffer, and is transitioning from 2-inch to 6-inch wafers by end of next year to boost output.
  • The cost of a 6-inch InP substrate has surged 250% (timeframe unspecified), and Coherent's CEO visited China to discuss export permits, indicating the supply tension.
Read time 21 min
Length 21,890 chars
Category finance
Ideas
Gaetano Substack author, Gaetano
Author highlights Coherent's 6-inch InP platform as a structural cost advantage (4x chips per wafer, half cost, higher yields) and shows they are doubling capacity ahead of schedule. However, the CEO'
Author highlights Coherent's 6-inch InP platform as a structural cost advantage (4x chips per wafer, half cost, higher yields) and shows they are doubling capacity ahead of schedule. However, the CEO's trip to China and the 250% substrate price surge indicate supply risk. The net implication: Coherent's economics give it pricing power and differentiation, but substrate availability is a monitor risk. Risk: Geopolitical permit delays or substrate shortages could limit the capacity ramp despite the platform advantage.
Gaetano Substack author, Gaetano
AAOI has built a massive inventory buffer (~1 year), diversified to 4-5 suppliers (mostly outside China), and has people on-site at suppliers to manage capacity. Their aggressive wafer-size transition
AAOI has built a massive inventory buffer (~1 year), diversified to 4-5 suppliers (mostly outside China), and has people on-site at suppliers to manage capacity. Their aggressive wafer-size transition to 6-inch and plan to become a top-3 laser supplier indicate strong execution. The author quotes management saying they feel 'incredibly comfortable' on substrate. Risk: Their 6-inch transition is not complete until end of next year; any delays could cap near-term laser output. Also, the geopolitical situation could disrupt even non-Chinese sourcing.
Gaetano Substack author, Gaetano
Lumentum's early LTA with Japanese suppliers provided initial coverage, but now they 'need alternate sources' and use a creative UK routing to access Chinese capacity. This proactive supply chain mana
Lumentum's early LTA with Japanese suppliers provided initial coverage, but now they 'need alternate sources' and use a creative UK routing to access Chinese capacity. This proactive supply chain management suggests they can navigate the bottleneck better than peers without such routes, but the statement 'uncomfortably comfortable' signals ongoing tightness. Risk: If the UK routing faces its own regulatory hurdles or if Japanese suppliers cannot scale fast enough, Lumentum's laser output could lag demand.
Gaetano Substack author, Gaetano
IQE is a pure-play epi house and a critical middle-layer in the InP chain. The author notes that IQE sees 'significant increase' in demand and is actively dual-sourcing substrates. As a merchant epi s
IQE is a pure-play epi house and a critical middle-layer in the InP chain. The author notes that IQE sees 'significant increase' in demand and is actively dual-sourcing substrates. As a merchant epi supplier, they benefit from both demand growth and the ongoing substrate shortage that forces customers to seek epi capacity. Risk: IQE is dependent on blank substrate availability; if they cannot secure enough wafers, or if MOCVD/MBE capacity is insufficient, their growth could be gated.
Gaetano Substack author, Gaetano
AXT is the only public pure-play InP substrate maker discussed. The article details their doubling of capacity and the fact that they hear from hyperscalers directly. However, the company's revenue is
AXT is the only public pure-play InP substrate maker discussed. The article details their doubling of capacity and the fact that they hear from hyperscalers directly. However, the company's revenue is gated by Chinese export permit timing. The bottleneck thesis makes AXT a key leverage point in the supply chain, but the permit uncertainty is a real headwind. Risk: If Chinese export permits remain difficult for US direct shipments, AXT's revenue growth may lag despite strong demand, and the stock could be volatile on geopolitical news.
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