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Every investor dreams of finding companies that multiply by 5, by 10, or by 100. It is the philosopher’s stone of investing, the holy grail, the elixir of life for people obsessed with looking at charts and reading fundamentals.
When I started investing, one of the books that fascinated me the most was *100 Baggers: Stocks That Return 100-to-1 and How to Find Them*, by Chris Mayer. It was incredible. The promise was that instead of finding stocks that would make me rich at 67, they could let me retire at 35.
Since then, I have read other “studies” on the topic with the same enthusiasm. Unfortunately, they all have one fatal flaw: anecdotes, qualitative analysis, and little evidence of causality. My engineer soul was missing something more rigorous.
Luckily, I recently came across a paper that tries to go one step further: *The Alchemy of Multibagger Stocks*, by Anna Yartseva.
Although the paper is not perfect, far from it, it brings a more methodological and scientific approach to the subject. It does several things I like.
It starts with a review of what has traditionally been said about multibaggers, which is perfect for anyone who has never read anything on the topic. Then it tries to study what characteristics these companies shared, starting from the Fama-French five-factor model, and later adapting the model to multibaggers. In the process, it uncovers a few things that had rarely been discussed before.
Today’s post is about this paper and some of its most interesting conclusions. I have published the full article on my website, with a more detailed analysis, interactive widgets, and a more rigorous critique for anyone who wants to read it. In this article, I am only going to comment briefly on some interesting conclusions.
In the original post, I also go through the “anatomy of a classic multibagger”, which summarizes what was commonly known about multibaggers and is also very useful for anyone interested in the topic.
# Experiment
The study analyzes companies listed on the NYSE and NASDAQ, including ADRs, between 2009 and 2024.
The window starts just after the financial crisis and covers 15 very eventful years: bull and bear markets, COVID, inflation, interest rates, the banking crisis, wars, and commodity shocks.
It identifies more than 500 stocks that reached a 10x return, but only keeps those that maintained that level until the end and removes those with incomplete data. The final sample consists of 464 multibaggers.
What is interesting is that it does not only look at the 2009-2024 increase, but also at the companies’ prior history from the year 2000 onward. The idea is not simply to celebrate winners after the fact, but to look for signals that were already present before the big move.
# Starting point: the Fama-French five-factor model
The analysis starts with the Fama-French five-factor model, one of the most widely used frameworks to explain why some stocks earn higher returns than others.
The idea, simplifying a lot, is that a stock’s return can be explained by its exposure to several factors: market, size, valuation, profitability, and investment.
https://preview.redd.it/jgkmio6f922h1.png?width=1506&format=png&auto=webp&s=1d84979d401232a544e01622879d338094fa725b
In other words, the model tries to explain how much a stock has earned by comparing it with what a risk-free asset would have earned and by seeing how much of that return comes from different known factors.
https://preview.redd.it/mo49unng922h1.png?width=1628&format=png&auto=webp&s=de5edd773aded66713c88165063f4990e045f8a7
The appeal of the model is that it lets you ask a very useful question: did multibaggers earn so much simply because they were exposed to known factors such as size, value, or profitability, or was there something else?
And that “something else” is exactly what the study tries to find.
https://preview.redd.it/4919o6si922h1.png?width=1640&format=png&auto=webp&s=7d07657d452c642931f6929a9b00153c6ec37ef3
https://preview.redd.it/3fititlj922h1.png?width=1508&format=png&auto=webp&s=6cd28ebdf673fd874d87f0e4bcba470d797e0e03
# Alpha and beta
In a factor regression, beta measures how much a stock moves relative to the market. A beta of 1 means it moves more or less like the market; above 1, it is more sensitive; below 1, less so.
Alpha is what remains after explaining the return using the model’s factors: market, size, value, profitability, and investment. Put simply, it is the part of the return that the model cannot explain.
But be careful: alpha is not an explanation. It is a clue. It may reflect a real company advantage, a missing factor in the model, or simple statistical noise. That is why it should be treated as an interesting signal, not definitive proof.
The study uses the Fama-French five-factor model to see whether it can explain the historical returns of multibaggers.
The basic idea of the model is that, over the long term, small, cheap, profitable companies with prudent investment tend to do better. To test whether this also holds here, the study sorts the companies in the sample, between 2000 and 2024, into different groups:
* **Size:** small, medium, and large.
* **Valuation**: low, medium, and high, using book-to-market.
* **Profitability**: robust or weak.
* **Investment**: conservative or aggressive, based on asset growth.
When all of these are crossed, the result is 36 different portfolios.
The objective is twofold:
1. To check whether the classic factors also work within the multibagger universe.
2. To measure how much unexplained alpha remains. If a lot of return remains outside the model, it means these companies have something that the five factors do not capture well.
And that is where things start to get interesting: looking for more specific variables to understand where that extraordinary return really came from.
# The results
The table groups the companies by size, valuation, profitability, and investment, and colors the return of each combination to quickly show what works best.
https://preview.redd.it/7glxh1lq922h1.png?width=1782&format=png&auto=webp&s=4963488717f91ac9e60849064829ca741f0db2d9
The best portfolio appears among small, cheap, profitable companies with aggressive investment. In other words: small caps, with high book-to-market, good operating profitability, and strong asset growth.
The main conclusions are quite clear:
* **Size helps:** small companies beat medium-sized companies on average, and medium-sized companies beat large ones. But the median is not as clean, so simply buying small caps is not magic either.
* **Valuation matters:** even within multibaggers, cheaper companies tend to do better.
* **Profitability also matters:** companies with weak profitability deliver worse results than profitable ones.
**And the big surprise is investment.** According to Fama and French, companies that invest aggressively should do worse. But here, almost the opposite happens: companies with higher asset growth achieve better returns. It makes sense. A company that wants to multiply cannot stand still. It needs to reinvest, grow, and build something much bigger.
Then, the study runs a regression to see how much the five factors explain. And here is the important part: operating profitability contributes little, these stocks have high beta, and alpha remains too high.
**Translation: the five-factor model does not explain multibaggers very well.** It captures part of the story, but it misses something important. And that is exactly where the interesting part begins.
# Improving the model
Because the classic Fama-French model leaves too much alpha unexplained, the study tries to adapt it better to the case of multibaggers.
To do this, it tests different metrics for size, valuation, profitability, and investment: market capitalization, enterprise value, sales, book-to-market, P/E, price-to-sales, margins, ROE, return on capital, asset growth, EBITDA, and free cash flow.
In an intermediate version, the study changes some variables: it uses TEV for size, P/E for valuation, and EBITDA margin for profitability. But P/E ends up losing weight because it adds too much noise: it does not work for loss-making companies and explodes when earnings are very low. That is why the most useful valuation metrics end up being B/M and FCF/P, meaning how much free cash flow the company generates relative to the price paid.
The most interesting part is investment.
The study introduces a variable that detects when assets grow faster than EBITDA. And the result is strong: when a company expands assets faster than EBITDA growth, the following year’s return falls by around 22.8 percentage points.
The interpretation is quite clear: multibaggers need to invest, grow, and expand capacity. But that investment has to be accompanied by real EBITDA growth. If assets grow and EBITDA does not follow, the company is probably buying bad growth, inflating its balance sheet, or reinvesting at mediocre returns.
In short: the best multibaggers are not only small, cheap, and profitable. **They also know how to invest aggressively without destroying returns.** It is not about growing for the sake of growing, but about growing with profits behind it.
# Static and dynamic return models
Here the objective changes: **the author is no longer trying to see whether multibaggers fit into Fama-French, but to build a more complete model to explain their future returns.**
To do this, she tests more than 150 variables: growth, valuation, profitability, quality, debt, solvency, momentum, interest rates, analysts, investment, R&D, marketing, and sector comparisons. Much more than the classic “small, cheap, and profitable”.
To separate signal from noise, she uses Hendry’s general-to-specific methodology: you start with a huge model and gradually remove what does not add value until you are left with something cleaner and more robust. First, you throw everything into the pot. Then you remove ingredients until the thing finally tastes like something.
The interesting part of the analysis is here: it moves from describing what multibaggers looked like after the fact to trying to identify which variables best explained their returns before they happened. It is not perfect, but this is where the most useful conclusions for investors appear.
# Main results
The model works reasonably well: almost all coefficients have the expected sign. The market matters, size penalizes returns, valuation matters a lot, and investment only works if it is accompanied by real EBITDA growth.
The most important conclusions are:
* **Multibaggers also depend on the market.** When the S&P 500 helps, it helps them too; when the environment gets difficult, they also suffer.
* **Size remains key:** the larger the company, the lower its future return tends to be. Multiplying by 10 from a small base is much easier than doing so from a gigantic base.
* **Profitability matters, but less than expected.** In the dynamic models, EBITDA margin loses strength and ROA works better. Even so, FCF/P ends up carrying more weight than many classic profitability metrics.
* **Accounting growth disappoints.** Variables such as revenue growth, EBITDA growth, EPS growth, or free cash flow growth are not especially significant. This does not mean growth does not matter. It means that within a sample of companies that already became multibaggers, the price paid, FCF yield, and quality of investment explain future returns better.
* **Investment is useful, but with one condition:** if assets grow faster than EBITDA, future returns fall. In other words, growing for the sake of growing is not enough. If the company invests heavily but EBITDA does not follow, it may be buying bad growth or reinvesting at mediocre returns.
* **Interest rates also matter.** In periods of rising rates, future multibagger returns fall significantly. This makes sense: the more a company depends on future cash flows, the more it suffers from a higher discount rate.
* **Valuation is the main protagonist.** Book-to-market and FCF/P are the most powerful variables in the model. Even the best growth stocks need to be bought at reasonable prices. It is not enough to grow a lot; what you pay matters enormously.
* **P/E does not work well because it breaks** with loss-making companies or companies with very small earnings. That is why the study prefers B/M and FCF/P.
* **Momentum behaves strangely:** the effect seems very short-lived and quickly reverses. Buying right after a big move can be expensive.
There are also variables that surprisingly add little: debt, debt coverage, Altman Z-score, buybacks, dividends, share issuance, and R&D. But be careful not to misinterpret this: because the analysis only studies companies that survived and ended up being winners, there is selection bias. The fact that debt does not explain much within the survivors does not mean it does not matter when trying to avoid dying along the way.
In other words, the best multibaggers are not simply companies that grow a lot. They tend to be small, reasonably cheap, profitable companies that can invest without destroying capital and that are bought before the market has discounted too much future growth.
# Conclusions
The study challenges some dogmas about multibaggers. Not because growth does not matter, but because isolated accounting growth explains less than expected. Valuation, free cash flow yield, size, interest rates, and investment quality matter more.
* **The best multibaggers tend to be small, cheap, profitable companies capable of investing aggressively without destroying capital.** The key is that asset growth must be accompanied by real EBITDA growth. If assets grow but EBITDA does not, that is a bad sign.
* **Free cash flow yield appears as one of the most important variables.** It is not enough to grow a lot: the company also has to generate cash and trade at a reasonable price.
* **Interest rates also matter.** In rising-rate environments, multibaggers suffer much more than many would assume. They are not immune to the cost of money.
* **And momentum works in a counterintuitive way:** buying near 12-month highs does not seem to help. In fact, the best opportunities usually appear when the stock is closer to its lows and after meaningful declines. That may be where the market has not yet discounted too much future growth.
In short: a multibagger is not simply “a company that grows a lot”. According to this study, the most attractive combination would look more like this: a small, cheap, profitable company, with good free cash flow yield, capable of investing without destroying capital, and bought at a moment when the market is not yet too excited.
So yeah, it was never going to be easy.