Summary

• Warren Buffett's advice to trustees involves putting 90% of funds in a low-cost S&P 500 index and 10% in short-term government bonds.
• An index fund is a basket of hundreds of companies tracked in a low-cost investment, allowing investors to own the entire market rather than picking winners.
• Approximately 50% of assets are classified as passive, but only about 23% are held in true index funds in the US market.
• Index funds account for only 1% of trading volume in the US, meaning active investors still drive price discovery.
• Only 17% of individual stocks beat the market over the last decade.
• According to Bessembinder’s research, only 4% of stocks created all the net wealth in the market going back to 1930.
• In the US, roughly 90% of large-cap managers underperform the S&P 500.
• In Canada, 98% of equity managers failed to beat the S&P/TSX index over the last 15 years.
• Portfolio turnover alone can cost up to 2% of gross returns annually due to taxes and fees.
• David Fagan indexes six of his eight family accounts to maintain financial independence while taking risks elsewhere (entrepreneurship).
• Howard Marx's philosophy suggests superior returns are about consistency and avoiding big losses rather than ranking in the top 5% annually.
• Indexing protects investors from behavioral biases like FOMO, herd mentality, and market timing.
• Stig Brodersen notes that 99% of people should index, though he personally maintains a concentrated portfolio for intellectual challenge.
• Cash is described as the surest way to lose money due to inflation and loss of purchasing power.
• David Fagan implements a strategy of 90% low-cost index funds and 10% fixed income.
• Fagan uses a specific rebalancing rule: if fixed income falls to 5%, he trims equities; if it rises to 15%, he buys equities.
• Entrepreneurs should view indexing as a "shock absorber" for their wealth, as they already take significant risks in their businesses.
• During the 2008 financial crisis, indexing provided a psychological benefit of alignment with the market rather than individual failure.
• Investors must oversee their results by comparing returns against a reputable benchmark like the S&P 500 or Vanguard's VT.
• A client story illustrates the danger of low returns: a woman earning 5% instead of 8% had to delay retirement by 6-7 years despite saving $100k annually.
• Investors should check fees; paying over 2% in management fees can cost hundreds of thousands over time.
• Vanguard's VT ETF has an expense ratio of only 0.06% and provides exposure to 10,000 companies.
• Expectations in leadership and parenting (referenced via the Rosenthal study) can compound behavior similar to how interest compounds money.